依主題整理;經 OpenEvidence 檢索、並以 PubMed 逐篇回原始文獻獨立查核(audit)每一項數字。標「PubMed」者為經 PubMed 取得並附 DOI 連結之文獻;引用之數字以原始文獻為準。
Khatri P, et al. Effect of Alteplase vs Aspirin on Functional Outcome for Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke and Minor Nondisabling Neurologic Deficits (PRISMS). JAMA. 2018;320(2):156–166. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.8496(非致殘輕症 NIHSS ≤5,n=313:alteplase vs aspirin,90 天 mRS 0–1 78.2% vs 81.5%;症狀性出血 5 例 3.2% vs 0%,風險差 3.3%(95% CI 0.8–7.4);因收案不足提前中止)。資料來源:PubMed。
Zinkstok SM, et al. Safety of Thrombolysis in Stroke Mimics: results from a multicenter cohort study. Stroke. 2013;44(4):1080–1084. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000126(假中風占 1.8%,症狀性出血 1.0% vs 真中風 7.9%)。資料來源:PubMed。
Ali-Ahmed F, et al. Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Stroke Mimics (Get With The Guidelines-Stroke). Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019;12(8):e005609. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005609(72,582 人中 3.5% 為 mimic;mimic 症狀性出血 0.4% vs 真中風 3.5%,住院死亡 0.8% vs 6.2%)。資料來源:PubMed。
Tsivgoulis G, et al. Safety of Intravenous Thrombolysis in Stroke Mimics. Stroke. 2015;46(5):1281–1287. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009012(統合分析:mimic 症狀性出血合併 0.5%,較真中風顯著為低)。
Keselman B, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis in stroke mimics: results from the SITS International Stroke Thrombolysis Register. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26(8):1091–1097. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13944(mimic 占 4.1%;常見診斷為功能性、偏頭痛、癲癇)。
Heikkilä I, et al. Fast Protocol for Treating Acute Ischemic Stroke by Emergency Physicians. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;73(2):105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.07.019(急診醫師流程使 DTN 中位數由 54 分降至 20 分)。
Akins PT, et al. Can emergency department physicians safely and effectively initiate thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke? Neurology. 2000;55(12):1801–1805. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.55.12.1801(急診開立 rt-PA 初期流程偏差 30% vs 神經科 5%,經教育改善;結果與 NINDS 相當)。
Kepplinger J, et al. Safety and efficacy of thrombolysis in telestroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2016;87(13):1344–1351. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003148(telestroke 與中風中心在症狀性出血、死亡、功能獨立無顯著差異)。
Comer AR, et al. NIHSS scoring inconsistencies between neurologists and emergency room nurses. Front Neurol. 2022;13:1093392. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.1093392(34.7% 配對差 ≥2 分;分數愈高、有失語者愈不一致)。
MacLean D, et al. The Effect of Training and Certification for the NIHSS and the mRS on Rater Performance: A Systematic Review. Can J Neurol Sci. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2025.111(納入 23 篇研究、22 篇涉 NIHSS;其中 19 篇顯示訓練/認證對信度或正確度無顯著提升)。資料來源:PubMed。
Lyden P, et al. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Certification Is Reliable Across Multiple Venues. Stroke. 2009;40(7):2507–2511. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.532069(8,214 名施測者含護理師/急診醫師/神經科;總分 ICC 0.85;個別項目 κ 由 ataxia 0.15 至 LOC-commands 0.81)。資料來源:PubMed。
Prabhakaran S, et al. 2026 Guideline for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: AHA/ASA. Stroke. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000513(rt-PA 適應症、禁忌症、mild disabling vs non-disabling、telestroke 與中風系統之照護建議)。